The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) was established in 2007 under the purview of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). It was established in response to concerns about the erosion of U.S. technological leadership in the global arena. Congress and President George W. Bush passed the American COMPETES Act, formally establishing the agency, which received its first appropriations in 2009 of $400 million. The agency, as can be inferred by its name, was modeled after the successful Defense Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which has been responsible for such notable innovations as stealth aviation and the Global Positioning System (GPS).